tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89997757225306267922024-03-13T10:34:13.132-07:00IB MASTER LTD Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05818873576376716728noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8999775722530626792.post-22156983563471093392017-11-20T16:39:00.000-08:002017-11-20T16:39:54.570-08:00LIGER THE CROSS BREEDING OF TIGER AND LION <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The liger is a </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">hybrid cross between</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> a male </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">lion</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> (Panthera leo) and a female </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">tiger</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">(Panthera tigris). The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. The liger is distinct from the similar </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">hybrid</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> tigon, and is the largest of all known extant felines.</span><br />
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The history of lion-tiger hybrids dates to at least the early 19th century in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a>. In 1798, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a> (1772–1844) made a colour plate of the offspring of a lion and a tiger. The portmanteau "liger" was coined by the 1930s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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In 1825, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Whittaker" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. B. Whittaker">G. B. Whittaker</a> made an engraving of liger cubs born in 1824.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-messybeast2012_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-messybeast2012-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th-century painting in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Naïve art">naïve style</a>.</div>
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Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a> and to his successor Queen <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a>. On 14 December 1900 and on 31 May 1901, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> wrote to zoologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cossar_Ewart" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Cossar Ewart">James Cossar Ewart</a> with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenbeck's Tierpark in Hamburg in 1897.</div>
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In <i>Animal Life and the World of Nature</i> (1902–1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids:</div>
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It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable Felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr. Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of the most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 340 kg (750 lb) and stood a foot and a half (45 cm) taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder.</div>
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Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today, in <i>At Home In The Zoo</i> (1961), Gerald Iles wrote "For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Size_and_growth">Size and growth</span></h2>
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The liger is often believed to represent the largest known cat in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Xixiaku_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-Xixiaku-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Males reach a total length of 3 to 3.6 m,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-krypto_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-krypto-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lair_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-lair-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> meaning they are larger than large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tiger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a>males, who are themselves usually larger than the larger lion species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mazak_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-Mazak-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genomic imprinting">Imprinted genes</a> may be a factor contributing to the large size of ligers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> These are genes that may or may not be expressed on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some dog breed crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent breed. This growth is not seen in the paternal breeds, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate breed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tigon">tigon</a>, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipore_Zoo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alipore Zoo">Alipore Zoo</a> in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average than the liger.</div>
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It is wrongly believed that ligers continue to grow throughout their lives due to hormonal issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It may be that they simply grow far more during their growing years and take longer to reach their full adult size. Further growth in shoulder height and body length is not seen in ligers over 6 years old, as in both lions and tigers. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion, yet are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoospermia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Azoospermia">azoospermic</a> in accordance with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane%27s_rule" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haldane's rule">Haldane's rule</a>. In addition, female ligers may also attain great size, weighing approximately 320 kg (705 lb) and reaching 3.05 m (10 ft) long on average, and are often fertile. In contrast, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumapard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pumapard">pumapards</a> (hybrids between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cougar">pumas</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leopard">leopards</a>) tend to exhibit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>.</div>
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Ligers are about the same size as the prehistoric <i>Smilodon populator</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American lion">American lion</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ligertrainer.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ligertrainer.jpg/250px-Ligertrainer.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ligertrainer.jpg/375px-Ligertrainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ligertrainer.jpg/500px-Ligertrainer.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<i>Hercules</i> the liger and his trainer <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavan_Antle&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bhagavan Antle (page does not exist)">Bhagavan Antle</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Hercules_the_liger">Hercules the liger</span></h3>
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Hercules, the largest non-obese liger, is recognised by the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a></i> as the largest living cat on Earth, weighing 418.2 kg (922 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hercules_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-Hercules-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Hercules was featured on the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Today (NBC program)">Today Show</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Cooper_360" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anderson Cooper 360">Anderson Cooper 360</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Edition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inside Edition">Inside Edition</a></i>, and in a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maxim (magazine)">Maxim</a></i> article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408.25 kg (900 lb). Hercules is healthy and is expected to live a long life. The cat's breeding is said to have been a complete accident.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Longevity">Longevity</span></h2>
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Shasta, a ligress (female liger) was born at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogle_Zoo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hogle Zoo">Hogle Zoo</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> on 14 May 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> had a male liger named Nook who weighed over 550 kg (1,213 lb), and died in 2007, at 21 years old.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ligerfacts2016_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-ligerfacts2016-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Hobbs, a male liger at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Safari_Zoo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sierra Safari Zoo">Sierra Safari Zoo</a> in Reno, Nevada, lived to almost 15 years of age before succumbing to liver failure and weighed in at 450 kg (992 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> This liger was born in 1943 and died in 1960. South Africa still has two ligers at its one zoo at Bloemfontein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Fertility">Fertility</span></h2>
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The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well documented across a number of different hybrids. This is in accordance with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane%27s_rule" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haldane's rule">Haldane's rule</a>: in hybrids of animals whose sex is determined by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sex chromosomes">sex chromosomes</a>, if one sex is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="X chromosome">X</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Y chromosome">Y</a>).</div>
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According to <i>Wild Cats of the World</i> (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile: in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierpark_Hellabrunn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tierpark Hellabrunn">Munich Hellabrunn Zoo</a>. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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In September 2012, the Russian Novosibirsk Zoo announced the birth of a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liliger">liliger</a>", which is the offspring of a liger mother and a lion father. The cub was named Kiara.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appearance">Appearance</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1799-liger.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="237" data-file-width="440" height="108" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1799-liger.jpg/200px-1799-liger.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1799-liger.jpg/300px-1799-liger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1799-liger.jpg/400px-1799-liger.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Colour plate of the offspring of a lion and tiger, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a></div>
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Ligers have a tiger-like striped pattern that is very faint upon a lionesque tawny background. In addition, they may inherit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(zoology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rosette (zoology)">rosettes</a> from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background colour may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and colour depend on which subspecies the parents were and on how the genes interact in the offspring.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tiger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="White tiger">White tigers</a> have been crossed with lions to produce "white" (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="White lion">white lions</a> to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. There are no black ligers. Very few <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tiger_(animal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black tiger (animal)">melanistic tigers</a> have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abundism">abundism</a>) rather than true melanism; no reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. As blue or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_tiger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maltese tiger">Maltese tigers</a> probably no longer exist, grey or blue ligers are exceedingly improbable. It is not impossible for a liger to be white, but it is very rare.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05818873576376716728noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8999775722530626792.post-41500652384588917862017-08-15T02:55:00.001-07:002017-11-20T15:44:21.878-08:00SCEINTIEST HAS GONE SO FAR AND TECHNOLOGY IS LEAVING US BEHIND @ NIGERIANS <div class="post-header">
<span class="post-author">
</span>
<span class="post-timestamp" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link">
at
August 13, 2017
</span>
</div>
<div class="post-body">
Supplementing the diet with vitamin B3 during pregnancy may treat the
molecular deficiencies in women that can lead to birth defects,
according to a landmark study in Australia.<br />
Over the last 12 years, developmental geneticist Sally Dunwoodie
(Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney) and team have been
studying the genes that influence fetal heart and bone development.
Genetic sequencing of four families with offspring affected by heart and
bone defects showed that the families had gene mutations that affected
the production of a molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD), which is essential for energy storage and DNA synthesis in cells.<br />
<span itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img alt="" height="506" src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2f8%2fFetus_in_the_womb_680x_-_Sebastian_Kaulitzk.jpg" title="" width="680" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Image: 3D rendered medically accurate illustration of a fetus in week 15.</i></div>
The researchers have now described the mutations in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>.
The article also reports on studies showing that NAD deficiency in
pregnant mice caused pups to be born with severe birth defects and that
those defects could be prevented by vitamin B3 supplementation during
pregnancy.<br />
The researchers knocked out the genes associated with NAD production
in pregnant mice, to see whether pups were born wit<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7phdA-pJkfw/WZBA52DuTdI/AAAAAAAAADA/qGStDk7JnC8wcby3PiTZ2NDsHXYbk_IjgCLcBGAs/s1600/image.axd.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="680" height="238" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7phdA-pJkfw/WZBA52DuTdI/AAAAAAAAADA/qGStDk7JnC8wcby3PiTZ2NDsHXYbk_IjgCLcBGAs/s320/image.axd.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
h similar defects to
those seen in the human babies. Initially, all pups were born healthy,
but then the researchers realised that mouse chow is rich in niacin
(vitamin B3), which cells can use in place of nicotinamide to make NAD.<br />
The researchers then tried feeding the knock-out pregnant mice a diet
that did not include niacin. This time, many of the pubs died before
birth and those that were born had severe defects similar to the ones
seen in the human babies. Next, the researchers fed the mutant mice low
doses of niacin during pregnancy, which reduced the severity of the
birth defects. When they tried feeding pregnant mice a diet rich in
niacin, healthy litters of pups were born.<br />
More human studies are needed before B3 supplementation could be
recommended for pregnant women, but the current research suggests it may
help to prevent birth defects in the offspring of families with
NAD-related gene mutations.<br />
“The ramifications are likely to be huge. This has the potential to
significantly reduce the number of miscarriages and birth defects around
the world and I do not say those words lightly,” says Dunwoodie.
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05818873576376716728noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8999775722530626792.post-31633827563213952222017-08-13T04:53:00.000-07:002017-08-24T04:21:20.358-07:00JUST IMAGINE OGANS HEALING WITH A SINGLE TOUCH ,THATS REALLY SOUND LIKE A SCIENCE FICTION <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zmGhbzR-Jt4/WZBBa2cQQ6I/AAAAAAAAADI/zw7s8AstpJICfC0oINCYqKG4Gnwjnlq9gCEwYBhgL/s1600/IBRAHIM%2BMUHAMMAD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="674" height="248" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zmGhbzR-Jt4/WZBBa2cQQ6I/AAAAAAAAADI/zw7s8AstpJICfC0oINCYqKG4Gnwjnlq9gCEwYBhgL/s320/IBRAHIM%2BMUHAMMAD.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<h1 itemprop="headline">
Nanotechnology wonders: Organ healing with a single touch!</h1>
<div class="article-meta article-meta-byline article-meta-with-photo">
<span class="article-meta-photo-wrap"><img alt="" class="article-meta-photo" src="https://d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net/pics/team2/ananya-mandal.jpg" /></span><span class="article-meta-contents"><span class="article-meta-author"><span class="article-meta-author-text">By <span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Dr Ananya Mandal, MD</span></span></span></span><span class="article-meta-date">August 7, 2017</span></span></div>
Scientists from the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Centre have
come up with what sounds like a science fiction - a nanotechnology
device that can switch the cell functions in such a way that the failing
organs are revived using a single touch. This technique is called
Tissue Nanotransfection (TNT) and the tiny nanotechnology devices inject
a new genetic code into the skin cells. These genetically modified skin
cells then transform into other types of cells that can help in the
regeneration of the diseased cells. The study is published in the
journal <i>Nature Nanotechnology, </i>authored by Daniel Gallego-Perez and team.<br />
<div class="contentImage" style="width: 674px;">
<span itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img alt="Chandan Sen, PhD, holds a chip that could revolutionize medical care. In laboratory tests on mice at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, the chip was able to heal serious wounds with a single touch by converting skin cells into vascular cells." height="523" src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2f8%2f01_Sen_chip.jpg" title="Chandan Sen, PhD, holds a chip that could revolutionize medical care. In laboratory tests on mice at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, the chip was able to heal serious wounds with a single touch by converting skin cells into vascular cells." width="674" /></span>
<br />
<div class="imageCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<i>Chandan Sen,
PhD, holds a chip that could revolutionize medical care. In laboratory
tests on mice at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, the
chip was able to heal serious wounds with a single touch by converting
skin cells into vascular cells. Image Credit: Ohio State University</i></div>
</div>
Dr. Chandan Sen, director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine and
Cell-Based Therapies at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
explains that the chip would take only a single touch and a fraction of
a second. As soon as it touches the wounded area, the cells begin to
reprogramme into something different. For example they used the chip in
the labs on injured legs of mice he said. The injured legs had little or
no blood supply and were damaged to begin with. The chip instructed the
skin cells to turn into blood vessel cells or vascular cells. The skin
cells thus started becoming vascular cells and in a week improvement
began noticeably. Within the second week the blood vessels were fully
formed to the injured leg and by the end of third week the leg was saved
with nothing other than the wonder nanochip.<br />
<div class="contentImage" style="width: 674px;">
<img alt="Researchers demonstrate a process known as tissue nanotransfection at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. In laboratory tests, this process was able to heal the badly injured legs of mice in just three weeks with a single touch of this chip. The technology works by converting normal skin cells into vascular cells, which helped heal the wounds. Image Credit: Ohio State University" height="449" src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2f8%2f02_arm.jpg" title="Researchers demonstrate a process known as tissue nanotransfection at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. In laboratory tests, this process was able to heal the badly injured legs of mice in just three weeks with a single touch of this chip. The technology works by converting normal skin cells into vascular cells, which helped heal the wounds. Image Credit: Ohio State University" width="674" />
<br />
<div class="imageCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<i>Researchers
demonstrate a process known as tissue nanotransfection at The Ohio State
University Wexner Medical Center. In laboratory tests, this process was
able to heal the badly injured legs of mice in just three weeks with a
single touch of this chip. The technology works by converting normal
skin cells into vascular cells, which helped heal the wounds. Image
Credit: Ohio State University</i></div>
</div>
Study collaborator Professor L. James Lee of chemical and
biomolecular engineering department at Ohio State explained that this
was gene therapy. He added that this concept was not a new one and has
been studied for quite some time now. What is new is the delivery of the
DNA that needs to be inserted into the host genetic code.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05818873576376716728noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8999775722530626792.post-63707691437322874232017-08-09T10:45:00.000-07:002017-08-13T04:26:02.988-07:00IB MASTER GRAPHICS CARTOON AND COVERS CONTACT THIS 09039171008 & 08031878459 FOR SERVICES OR FOLLOW US @ FACEBOOK MUHAMMAD IBRAHM OR INSTAGRAM JBOYTINZ<a href="http://ibitcltd.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">IBITCLTD.BLOGSPOT.COM</a><br />
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MY NAME IS IBRAHIM MUHAMMAD I AM COMPUTER SOFTWARE ENGINEER.<br />
I AM VERY GOOD IN FLASHING AND UPGRADING ANY KIND OF SMART PHONES LIKE SAMSUNG,TECHNO, GIONEE ETC.<br />
KINDLY CONTACT THIS NUMBER FOR YOUR SERVICE <b>09039171008</b> OR VISIT US AT FACEBOOK @ MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM OR INSTAGRAM JBOYTINZ THANKS YOU. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05818873576376716728noreply@blogger.com1